Diptera.info

pupa

Plural: pupae. The name for the third main stage in the life of an insect that undergoes complete metamorphosis, i.e., develops from the egg through larval and the pupal stages to the adult (holometabolous). All Diptera undergo complete metamorphosis and have a pupal stage. Pupae of Diptera are of two main types; obtect pupae have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths attached to the surface of the body (all Diptera except Cyclorrhapha). Exarate pupae (Cyclorrhapha only) have free appendages. These free appedages are not visible as the pupa lies within the last larval instar skin which is hardened (puparium header=[puparium] body=[Plural: puparia. Case formed by the hardening of the last larval skin, in which the pupa is formed. The puparium may exhibit useful taxonomic characters. 
 
 
 
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). Such Diptera pupae are called coarctate.
Recommended literature: Smith, K.V.G., 1989. An introduction to the immature stages of British flies. Diptera larvae, with notes on eggs, puparia and pupae. - Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 10(14): 1-280. As an excellent reference with keys to suborders, families, subfamilies and genera. For Cyclorrhapha the key applies equally since they have puparia (although the parts may be harder to see).

puparium

Plural: puparia. Case formed by the hardening of the last larval skin, in which the pupa

header=[pupa] body=[Plural: pupae. The name for the third main stage in the life of an insect that undergoes complete metamorphosis, i.e., develops from the egg through larval and the pupal stages to the adult (holometabolous). All Diptera undergo complete metamorphosis and have a pupal stage. Pupae of Diptera are of two main types; obtect pupae have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths attached to the surface of the body (all Diptera except Cyclorrhapha). Exarate pupae (Cyclorrhapha only) have free appendages. These free appedages are not visible as the pupa lies within the last larval instar skin which is hardened (puparium). Such Diptera pupae are called coarctate.<br />
Recommended literature: Smith, K.V.G., 1989. An introduction to the immature stages of British flies. Diptera larvae, with notes on eggs, puparia and pupae. - Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 10(14): 1-280. As an excellent reference with keys to suborders, families, subfamilies and genera. For Cyclorrhapha the key applies equally since they have puparia (although the parts may be harder to see).<br /><img src='../../infusions//terms/images/no_image.gif' style='vertical-align:middle;' />] delay=[0] fade=[on]

is formed. The puparium may exhibit useful taxonomic characters.

pupate

To transform to a pupa

putative

Generally regarded as such, supposed, or reputed to be.
Usage example: 'Further analysis of the integument of this putative second instar (Fig. 3b) indicated that...'. Here the integument was generally believed to be of a second instar larva but may not have been. When a species is ' putatively identified' it means that identification is not certain and should be considered preliminary.

posteroventral (synonym)

quadriserial

In four rows

radio-cubital node

The junction of the radial and cubital wing veins, which is usually swollen. The presence or absence of setae on the node is an important identification character in, for example, Muscidae.

railroad worm

apple maggot (synonym)

rank

Position in a taxonomic hierarchy.

Most people still conceive different types of biological taxa and place them in ranks: some taxa are species, others are genera, while others are families. Linnaeus gave us his ranks in 1731. Although biological theory has changed since Linnaeus' time, the vast majority of biologists still assign Linnaean ranks to taxa, even though the practice is at odds with evolutionary theory and even though it causes a number of practical problems. Some authors abandon Linnaean ranks and propose alternative methods for displaying the hierarchical relations of taxa.
Whatever the view on this it must be remembered that ranking is a subjective decision. This explains why taxa may be ranked differently by different authors.
Links: http://en.wikiped...zoology%29, following the taxa link to related topics.

reclinate

bent backward (usually used to indicate curvature of setae)

Red Data Book species

An endangered species that is given on a so-called Red List like the IUCN Red List. For example: Keroplatus tipuloides a red data book species in Poland.
Links: http://en.wikiped...N_Red_List;
http://www.iop.kr...ault&je=en.

round brackets

Round brackets are used to indicate that a species is currently placed in a genus different to the one in which it was originally described . For example: Liriomyza amoena (Meigen, 1830). Meigen (1830) originally descriped this species as Agromyza amoena. Nowadays it is placed in the genus Liriomyza Mik, 1894. Hence, 'Meigen, 1830' is placed in round brackets. Sometimes the original placement is given, thus Liriomyza amoena (Meigen, 1830: Agromyza).

s.l.

sensu lato (synonym)

s.str.

sensu stricto (synonym)

supra-alar setae (synonym)

sa setae

supra-alar setae (synonym)

saprophagous

Saprophagous Diptera feed on decaying material of all kinds usually as larvae. Very many Diptera are saprophagous.

sarcosaprophagous

Sarcosaprophagous Diptera feed on decaying flesh, usually as larvae. They are of great importance in forensic entomology.

scuttle flies

Vernacular name used for the family Phoridae.
Links: http://en.wikiped...i/Phoridae.

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